How To Use Chicago Style Footnotes
Chicago Mode Footnotes | Citation Format and Examples
The notes and bibliography manner is one of two citation options provided by the Chicago Manual of Mode. Each fourth dimension a source is quoted or paraphrased, a superscript number is placed in the text, which corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing details of the source.
Footnotes announced at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear on a separate page at the end of the text.
This is an instance of a Chicago style footnote citation.1
ane. Woolf, "Mod Fiction," 11.
Full notes and brusque notes
There are ii types of footnote in Chicago fashion: full notes and curt notes.
Full notes contain the full publication details of the source. The first citation of each source should be a full note.
Total note example
one. Virginia Woolf, "Mod Fiction," in Selected Essays, ed. David Bradshaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 11.
Brusk notes comprise only the author's last proper name, the title (shortened if longer than four words), and the folio number (if relevant). They are used for all subsequent citations of the same source.
Brusque note example
2. Woolf, "Modernistic Fiction," eleven.
The guidelines for employ of short and full notes can vary across dissimilar fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to apply a full note for every citation, or to employ a short note every time as long as all sources announced in the bibliography. Check with your instructor if y'all're unsure.
Footnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. They announced at the lesser of the relevant folio, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. You can hands insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.
The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. It is placed later any punctuation except a nuance:
Johnson argues that "the data is unconvincing."one
Johnson argues that "the data is unconvincing"1—but Smith contends that…
Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Your first commendation is marked with a 1, your 2nd with a 2, and so on. The numbering does not restart with a new folio or section (although in a volume-length text it may restart with each new chapter).
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Content of Chicago footnotes
The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a catamenia then the citation itself. The citation always includes the writer'due south name and the title of the text, and it always ends with a period. Total notes also include all the relevant publication data (which varies past source type).
If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. All the same, if the source doesn't accept folio numbers, or if y'all're referring to the text as a whole, you can omit the folio number.
In short notes, titles of more than than 4 words are shortened. Shorten them in a manner that retains the keyword(southward) then that the text is still hands recognizable for the reader:
1. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus, ed. M.Grand. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91.
two. Shelley, Frankenstein, 91.
Combining multiple citations
Exercise non identify multiple footnotes at the aforementioned point in your text (e.one thousand. 1, two, three). If you lot need to cite multiple sources in one judgement, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons:
1. Hulme, "Romanticism and Classicism"; Eliot, The Waste Land; Woolf, "Modern Fiction," eleven.
Sources with multiple authors
Footnotes for sources with two or 3 authors should include all the authors' names. When at that place are 4 or more than authors, add "et al." (Latin for "and others") afterwards the first author's name.
| Full note | Short notation | |
|---|---|---|
| i author | Virginia Woolf | Woolf |
| 2 authors | Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari | Deleuze and Guattari |
| three authors | Anne Armstrong, Marianne Krasny, and Jonathon Schuldt | Armstrong, Krasny, and Schuldt |
| four+ authors | Anna Tsing et al. | Tsing et al. |
Missing information
You sometimes won't have all the data required for your citation. Y'all might exist missing page numbers, the writer'due south name, or the publication appointment.
If ane of your sources (east.grand. a website) has no page numbers, but you still recall it'due south important to cite a specific role of the text, other locators like headings, capacity or paragraphs can be used. Abbreviate words like "paragraph" to "par." and "chapter" to "chap.", and put headings in quotation marks:
1. Johnson, "Literature Review," chap. 2.1.
two. Smith, "Thematic Assay," nether "Methodology."
If the source lacks a stated publication date, the abbreviation "n.d." (no appointment) should supplant the twelvemonth in a full notation:
1. Smith, Data Assay (New York: Norton, due north.d.), 293.
If a text doesn't listing its author'due south proper name, the organization that published it can be treated equally the author in your citation:
1. Scribbr, "Chicago Style Commendation."
If you use a website name as an author, you may finish upward repeating the aforementioned information twice in one commendation. Omit the website name from its usual place if you've already listed it in place of the writer.
Brusque notes unremarkably look similar regardless of source type – author, title, page number. Yet, the information included in full notes varies according to the source you're citing. Below are examples for several common source types, showing how the footnote should look in Chicago format.
Chicago volume citation
Italicize the volume title. If the book states an edition (other than the first), include this and abbreviate information technology (e.g. 2nd ed., rev. ed.). Add the URL if you consulted the book online instead of in a physical copy.
This is the format of a full note,one and this is the format of a short notation.2
| 1. Author offset name final name, Book Title, edition. (Identify of publication: Publisher, year), page number(south), URL. |
| 2. Writer final name, Shortened Book Title, page number(due south). |
This is an example of a full note,3 and this is an example of a short notation.4
| 3. Stephen Covey, The seven Habits of Highly Effective People, tertiary ed. (New York: Free Press, 1989), 75–89. |
| 4. Covey, 7 Habits, 75–seven. |
Chicago book chapter citation
Sometimes yous'll cite from one chapter in a book containing texts past multiple authors – for instance, a compilation of essays. In this instance, you lot'll desire to cite the relevant affiliate rather than the whole book.
The affiliate title should exist enclosed in quotation marks, while the volume title should be italicized. The brusque annotation only contains the chapter title.
The writer is the 1 who wrote the specific affiliate you're citing. The editor of the whole book is listed toward the finish of the footnote (with the abridgement "ed."), and left out of the short note.
This is the format of a full note,1 and this is the format of a short annotation.2
| 1. Author first proper noun terminal name, "Chapter Title," in Volume Title, ed. Editor first name last name (Place of publication: Publisher, yr), page number(s). |
| 2. Author last proper name, "Shortened Chapter Title," page number(s). |
This is an example of a full note,3 and this is an example of a brusk notation.4
| 3. Bob Stewart, "Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Buying," in Enriching Our Lives with Animals, ed. John Jaimeson (Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007), 87. |
| 4. Stewart, "Wag of the Tail," 88. |
Chicago journal article citation
The article title should exist enclosed in quotation marks, while the periodical name should be italicized. Volume and issue numbers identify which edition of the journal the source appears in.
A DOI is a digital object identifier. This is generally more reliable than the URL when linking to online periodical content.
This is the format of a full note,one and this is the format of a brusk notation.2
| 1. Author first proper name terminal proper name, "Commodity Title," Periodical Name Volume, Issue number (Year): page number(s), DOI or URL. |
| two. Author last name, "Shortened Commodity Title," page number(s). |
This is an instance of a full note,3 and this is an instance of a brusk annotation.four
| 3. Hannes Datta, "The Challenge of Retaining Customers Acquired with Gratis Trials," Periodical of Marketing Research 52, no. 2 (2015): 220, www.jstor.org/stable/43832354. |
| 4. Datta, "Challenge of Retaining Customers," 220. |
Chicago website citation
The page championship should be enclosed in quotation marks. Italicization is not used for website names.
If the publication engagement is unknown, you lot tin instead list the date when you accessed the page at the stop of the citation (east.g. accessed on September 10, 2019).
This is the format of a full notation,ane and this is the format of a short note.2
| 1. Writer starting time name last proper noun, "Folio Title," Website Title, publication date, URL. |
| two. Writer last proper name, "Shortened Page Title." |
This is an example of a full note,iii and this is an instance of a short note.4
| 3. Courtney Gahan, "How to Paraphrase Sources," Scribbr, April 18, 2018, https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/. |
| 4. Gahan, "How to Paraphrase Sources." |
All of the above information also applies to endnotes. Endnotes are less commonly used than footnotes, but they're a perfectly valid option.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the folio they refer to.
- Footnotes allow the reader to immediately bank check your citations as they read …
- … but if you have a lot of footnotes, they can exist distracting and have upwardly space on the folio.
Endnotes appear in their own department at the end of the text, before the bibliography.
- Endnotes take upwardly less space in the torso of your text and reduce distraction …
- … just they are less accessible, as the reader has to flip to the end to cheque each notation.
Endnote citations look exactly the same as those in footnotes. Unless you've been told which one to use, choose whichever yous prefer. Just use one or the other consistently.
- What is the difference betwixt footnotes and endnotes?
-
Footnotes appear at the lesser of the relevant page.Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, only earlier the reference list or bibliography. Don't mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose i or the other and use them consistently.
In Chicago notes and bibliography manner, you tin utilize either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either example.
In APA and MLA manner, footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, only they tin be used to provide additional information.
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How To Use Chicago Style Footnotes,
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